A young couple about to marry listen to their wizened grandparents’ words of guidance and warning. They stand in the front room of a white house in a small Mexican village surrounded by lush farmlands and misty mountains. Only the parents, and two stealthy observers Brenda Barrera Lino and Mariana Figueroa Martínez eavesdropping from just outside, witness the solemn moment. The tradition is an intimate one. As the community bustles outside preparing for a wedding, Barrera Lino hears only the murmur of the Mazahua words. The novios, passive speakers of the indigenous language, can respond only in Spanish, although they understand the words their grandparents speak.
Language loss is a nearly imperceptible process that severs enduring lines of cultural continuity. The moment a passive speaker realizes she’s lost a link to her identity can be as isolating as watching family members carouse on the beach unaware as a riptide sweeps her away.
About 111,840 people in communities throughout central Mexico speak Mazahua, down from over 133,000 speakers in 2000. That’s a 10% drop in 15 years. In just two generations, for many, a connection that supports their sense of Mazahua self and community is lost.
The workshop for speakers of Otomanguean languages
On the historic Oaxaca streets, en route to the Biblioteca de Investigación Juan de Córdova, the Juan Córdova Research Library, the morning bustle is set against the sweet, citrus smell from a nearby orange juice vendor. The corn scent of tamales wafts through the iron gates and out onto the courtyard of the Centro Cultural San Pablo (San Pablo Cultural Center). Creeping cactus with bursting white blossoms cling to walls as a gardener clips the grasses growing between the patio bricks. It’s day three in a seven-day workshop. Librarians, teachers, writers, and musicians, all speakers of indigenous languages spoken in Oaxaca, mill around eager to enter the library nestled within the renovated walls of the one-time convent. One year after their surreptitious participation in the pre-marriage ritual, Barrera Lino and Figueroa Martínez wait with fellow workshop attendees.
Mexico’s linguistic landscape is vast. The country has seven language families and four isolates. Three families and two isolates, languages that are not related to any other language, are spoken in Oaxaca, a state roughly the size of the US state of Georgia. By comparison, the entire continent of Europe has five language families.
Every year, the Workshop for Speakers of Otomanguean Languages draws native and heritage indigenous language speakers. The workshop provides linguistic tools for people seeking to fit their languages into daily life. This is the first of a three-year series focused on creating texts. They’ve come to write songs, create calendars, pen folk tales, draw comic books, and text their friends.
Barrera Lino wants to do it all. She was a passive speaker. She grew up hearing the language and understood it but didn’t speak it. As a young adult, she learned to actively speak Mazahua and is now a fluent speaker.
Speakers of ten languages congregate at the library, and organizers have sorted the workshop attendees into groups by language. Barrera Lino and Figueroa Martínez are in a small group with six workmates who speak Mazahua, Otomí, Amuzgo and Me’phaa. They gather with three mentors in a remodeled cloister with crisp white walls and concrete windows overlooking a small courtyard below. The hum of traffic and chirping of birds set the backdrop for the classroom chatter. Participants share freshly penned prose and present questions. Barrera Lino and Figueroa Martínez are up. They project lines of Mazahua text on the white screen. Behind them, a chalkboard marked with vowels accented with upticks, downticks and squiggles stands by as reference.
Justin MacIntosh, lecturer in the linguistics department at the University of California San Diego and a co-organizer of the workshop, is one of three mentors working with the group. He asks the Mazahua pair what they would like to present.
Barrera Lino exclaims, “Un montón de dudas!” (‘a mountain of questions’).
The class laughs, but they are sympathetic. They are all trying to work out how to represent the tones in their languages. But first they have to identify them. At this early stage in the workshop, all five groups are laying down the groundwork for the next three years. For some, this means working out tones.
The challenges of tone
The Otomanguean languages are tone languages, or languages that use pitch to differentiate words and parts of speech. All the tick and squiggle marks written in these languages mark rising pitch, falling pitch, tones that rise and fall, and vice versa. Or even pitch that rises and falls and rises again. The classic example of a tone language comes from Mandarin Chinese. The most widely referenced set of words, mā ‘mother’, má ‘hemp’, mǎ ‘horse’, mà ‘scold’, and ma (question particle), are each distinguishable by tone, or lack thereof.
Barrera Lino reads a line from the passage that Figueroa Martínez wrote for homework. First she reads it slowly. They test to see if the words are readable. Barrera Lino stumbles over a word. The term “dialect” is politically loaded since historically it demoted the status of an indigenous language to something less. “Variety” is both politically neutral and descriptively useful. The tone here in Martinez’ text is different from her own variety of Mazahua.
Barrera Lino is from San Felipe del Progreso. Figueroa Martínez is from La Concepción Segunda, the town where the two witnessed the pre-wedding exchange between grandparents and novios. Both women study language and culture at the Universidad Intercultural del Estado de México (Mexico State Intercultural University), where they became fast friends. They spend a lot of time talking about Mazahua.
In class, the duo’s challenge is to compare words in their varieties to identify what the tones are, how many there are, how they might be similar or different, and how they’ll represent them (with ticks, á, and squiggles, â, or with numbers, a5, where 5 indicates a high tone). They note the differences as they play with different words.
Identifying tones and deciding how to represent them is no small feat. The Eastern Chatino group has cloistered itself away behind a maze of exhibit spaces displaying colorful masks, a six foot steel mosquito sculpture, and an ensconced courtyard featuring water and stone. This animated group is led by Emiliana Cruz, researcher at the Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social in Mexico City (Center for Research and Advanced Studies in Social Anthropology), a main co-organizer and founder of the workshop, and a native speaker of Chatino. They project Chatino verses and word lists on the crisp, white walls as they brainstorm jokes and insults and methodically compare tones word-by-word across the three varieties spoken in the room.
In Chatino, tones vary wildly across the varieties. Zacatepec Eastern Chatino has five tones, San Juan Quiahije Chatino has twelve tones, and Zenzontepec Chatino has only two tones. Compare that with Mandarin, which has five.
Tones are tough. Researchers have been known to overlook tone. The Zapotec group, easily the largest at the workshop with 27 speakers, occupies the auditorium above the water and stone courtyard. Speakers of six Zapotecan varieties form this group, led by Francisco Arellanes Arellanes, professor at the Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Institute of Philological Research of the National Autonomous University of Mexico), and Rosa Maria Rojas Torres, researcher from the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (National Institute of Anthropology and History).
Attendees take turns listening to recordings of poetry they each wrote the night before and together work out the best ways to represent the sounds and tones. Roughly 410,900 people speak Zapotec languages, and compared to other languages in Mexico, Zapotec enjoys substantially more research attention. Yet a number of academic papers overlook tone in their descriptions of the language.
Anthony Woodbury, professor of linguistics at The University of Texas at Austin, co-organizer of the workshop, and a mentor to Barrera Lino’s group, says this is problematic since some Zapotec languages use tone in subordinate clauses the way English uses “that” or “which” to form clauses. The oversight is as significant as omitting the word “which” when writing a grammar book of English.
In Mazahua, words for “my stick” and “your stick” are almost the same, in mbala. It is the tone that distinguishes the meaning. The term ín mbala with a high tone means ‘my stick’, which might be written with an uptick. In contrast, in mbala meaning ‘your stick’ has no tone, neutral tone. Barrera Lino and Figueroa Martinez stumble upon differences in their varieties.
Figueroa Martínez explains, “It’s complicated because there are differences in speech between different communities, but there are also differences within single communities, between generations.”
Expenses measured in time and sweat
Each Saturday morning, Barrera Lino sets out from her home in San Felipe, 90 miles from Mexico City, and takes a 45-minute bus ride to the desviación de Tapaxco, a bus stop at a fork in the road. From there, she catches a taxi for 10 pesos to the center of Yomeje. She then walks 30 minutes uphill through farmland to the Iglesia La Magdalena. Once she arrives, she teaches Mazahua to 15 kids aged six to 17 for two hours in an unfurnished room of an abandoned two-room adobe school. When she’s not attending university classes or doing homework, she spends her time creating games and activities to teach children. All the materials she uses are recycled or repurposed. Several mothers have expressed interest in learning how to read and write in Mazahua. Soon she’ll teach them too.
In Oaxaca, the women have joined 42 attendees and ten organizers from the U.S. and Mexico. Until this year, the Harp Helu Foundation and the National Institute of Indigenous Languages funded the Otomanguean workshops. When the Mexican government changed, priorities shifted and funds were redirected. This year, with no external funding sources, workshop organizers launched a GoFundMe drive that raised USD 3,400 (about 64,700 Mexican pesos)—enough to provide meals and lodging for twenty Otomanguean speakers to attend the workshop.
Michael Swanton, academic director at the Biblioteca de Investigación Juan de Córdova, professor at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, and a workshop co-organizer, believes that a strength of the workshop is that it draws “highly specialized academics who are willing to come to Oaxaca every year at their own expense to provide this mentorship.”
They work on topics important to the attendees, often setting aside their own envisioned goals to accommodate the group.
“Originally, the plan was to work with texts and record them and analyze them,” MacIntosh recalls. For linguists, texts are samples of recorded stories, conversations, recipes, and explanations.
“But people started pulling texts out of their own head,” he adds. They started creating texts in the form of poems, announcements, and jokes on the spot.
What’s in a text?
It’s easy for language lovers to immerse themselves in the minutiae of language and words and tones, but here mentors and attendees think about language in terms of the communities that speak them. The central idea of the workshop is to approach language as verbal art. To look beyond specialized speech that comes with ceremonial speech or storytelling. To look at everyday speech, like jokes and insults.
The Center makes its library space and resources available for the workshop, one of many cultural projects it offers scholars and countryfolk alike. Library employees who speak native languages, each with stories that reflect the light and shadow of their relationships with identity and language and connection, also attend. They help shape the myriad of ways that the workshop approaches language use.
Team Mazatec, led by Mario Chávez Peón, professor of linguistics at the Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social in Mexico City, is taking text in a different direction. Under the leadership of resident librarian and Mazatec speaker Gabriela García García, who has printed paper calendars for the Library since 2013, the group is creating an interactive, web-based, 18-month and 5-day calendar that represents the Mazatec year. Each month has a theme, such as tecolote (owl), najme (maize), and huipil (embroidered blouse). The theme highlights recipes, poems, riddles, activities, cultural subjects, and games. Each section and activity is a brief, researched text.
MacIntosh stresses “[these] languages are deeply in danger of falling out of use…so it’s this idea of how can we document the languages in a way or promote types of texts, or reading, or literacy. A lot of people don’t even read their own languages. So it’s a really different focus in that sense.”
Beyond the complexities of what it takes to work with texts, what emerges from the workshop are the stories that illustrate the lengths individuals go to preserve and rebuild connections with the people in their cultures.
Rebuilding the lines of continuity
Barrera Lino recalls winding her way through the market of San Felipe among stalls displaying colorful vegetables and leafy green herbs. The sweet, earthy scents of ripening fruit and roasting nuts mingle under the clear blue sky as vendors call out their products or chat with one other. She approaches an abuelita (grandmother, affectionately) with her herbs and remedies carefully arranged on a blanket on the ground.
She remembers what it was like before she knew how to speak Mazahua.
“If you ask in Spanish, they’re going to tell you it’ll cure your stomach pain, but nothing else.”
Since learning to speak Mazahua, “When you talk to them in their language, there’s a feeling, a connection. When you ask them in their language, they tell you what it’s used for, how it’s prepared, how you take it, and what else it’s good for.”
For Barrera Lino, it’s about more than formally transcribing a recipe to analyze sounds and sentence structure. She wants to reconnect intergenerational lines with the doñita (elderly woman, affectionately) selling her remedies in the market. She wants to sing original Mazahua songs with her young students. She wants to text her friends in Mazahua.
194 Responses to “Mazahua: Text, tone & tradition”
National Chi Nan University
National Chi Nan University
[…]Every as soon as in a although we opt for blogs that we study. Listed beneath are the newest websites that we pick […]
totosite
I’ve been troubled for several days with this topic. totosite, But by chance looking at your post solved my problem! I will leave my blog, so when would you like to visit it?
Stefan Last
Hi. I want to ask you about how do you usually find out about casinos? I like this article https://onevisiongames.com/casinos/villento-casino/ . It was helpful for me when I was looking for casinos and now I can also say it’s good since I just recently started playing
افضل جامعة في مصر
افضل جامعة في مصر
[…]just beneath, are several totally not associated web-sites to ours, having said that, they are certainly really worth going over[…]
Transparency and credibility
Transparency and credibility
[…]one of our visitors just lately advised the following website[…]
Faculty of political science Contact
Faculty of political science Contact
[…]below you will uncover the link to some web sites that we assume you’ll want to visit[…]
الزيارات العلمية
الزيارات العلمية
[…]one of our visitors recently proposed the following website[…]
SanyaPepega
https://music.youtube.com/
الكيمياء التحليلية الصيدلانية
الكيمياء التحليلية الصيدلانية
[…]we like to honor quite a few other web sites around the internet, even though they arent linked to us, by linking to them. Beneath are some webpages really worth checking out[…]
Bushra
Your blog provided us with valuable information to work with. Each & every tips of your post are awesome. Thanks a lot for sharing. Keep blogging, situs porno
larvar
I found results related to “Pizza Tower”. One is a fan-made side-scrolling non-linear action-platform game called “Pizza Tower” that you can play online for free #1.
https://www.kooky.domains/post/the-role-of-web3-domains-in-decentralized-finance-defi
https://www.kooky.domains/post/the-role-of-web3-domains-in-decentralized-finance-defi
[…]Here is an excellent Blog You may Uncover Interesting that we Encourage You[…]
Dean of the Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine
Dean of the Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine
[…]very couple of web sites that happen to be comprehensive beneath, from our point of view are undoubtedly very well worth checking out[…]
جراحة الأسنان التعليم
جراحة الأسنان التعليم
[…]we prefer to honor several other world wide web sites around the web, even if they arent linked to us, by linking to them. Beneath are some webpages worth checking out[…]
متطلبات كشف الدرجات لجامعة المستقبل
متطلبات كشف الدرجات لجامعة المستقبل
[…]Wonderful story, reckoned we could combine a couple of unrelated information, nevertheless actually really worth taking a appear, whoa did one learn about Mid East has got much more problerms also […]
Buy PhD Dissertation
Your blog provided us with valuable information to work with. Each & every tips of your post are awesome. Thanks a lot for sharing. Keep blogging
Maillot de football
Maillot de football
[…]Here are a few of the web sites we advise for our visitors[…]
PLAYTECH
… [Trackback]
[…] Here you can find 47032 more Info on that Topic: unravellingmag.com/articles/mazahua-text-tone-tradition/ […]
Bonnie
I appreciate you sharing your wise counsel and expertise. Your website is excellent. The amount of knowledge on your website is astounding. After a long day at work, playing geometry dash unblocked with me is a great way to pass the time.
속초출장샵
Please let me know if you’re looking for a article writer for your blog.
You have some really good a속초출장샵rticles and I feel I would be a good asset.
If you ever want to take some of the load off, I’d absolutely love to write some articles for your blog in exchange for a link back to mine.
Please send me an e-mail if interested. Thanks!
freight agent in karachi
This heartfelt journey of reconnecting with one’s heritage through language is truly inspiring. The power of preserving traditions, like the Mazahua language, highlights the rich tapestry of our cultural diversity.
SEOSolutionVIP Fiverr
SEOSolutionVIP Fiverr
[…]check below, are some completely unrelated websites to ours, however, they may be most trustworthy sources that we use[…]
Gabriel Plummer
Any homeowner who is interested in enhancing the value of their house should strongly consider purchasing Casement windows from Quartz Luxury Windows.
pannello led
pannello led
[…]although internet sites we backlink to beneath are considerably not related to ours, we really feel they may be in fact really worth a go by way of, so possess a look[…]
dalle amortissante 100x100
dalle amortissante 100×100
[…]always a large fan of linking to bloggers that I love but really don’t get quite a bit of link enjoy from[…]
ป้ายโฆษณา
… [Trackback]
[…] Information on that Topic: unravellingmag.com/articles/mazahua-text-tone-tradition/ […]
SMM World
Great post, I want to thank you for this informative read; I really appreciate sharing this great post. Keep up the good work! Cheapest SMM Panel
fiverrearn.com
fiverrearn.com
[…]below youll obtain the link to some web pages that we assume you should visit[…]
female french bulldog
female french bulldog
[…]we prefer to honor lots of other web internet sites around the net, even if they arent linked to us, by linking to them. Underneath are some webpages worth checking out[…]
coconut oil for frenchies
coconut oil for frenchies
[…]The details talked about in the report are several of the most effective available […]
cavapoo
cavapoo
[…]The facts mentioned in the write-up are a number of the most beneficial out there […]
Yard Tarp
Very informative article!
Yard Tarp
บาคาร่า
… [Trackback]
[…] Find More here on that Topic: unravellingmag.com/articles/mazahua-text-tone-tradition/ […]
seo in United States
seo in United States
[…]one of our guests a short while ago proposed the following website[…]
Piano Storage Services
Piano Storage Services
[…]usually posts some really exciting stuff like this. If you are new to this site[…]
Best university in Egypt
Best university in Egypt
[…]we came across a cool internet site that you simply might love. Take a appear in case you want[…]
Private universities in Egypt
Private universities in Egypt
[…]here are some hyperlinks to web-sites that we link to because we assume they’re worth visiting[…]
Top university in Egypt
Top university in Egypt
[…]Sites of interest we’ve a link to[…]
golf cart rentals isla mujeres mexico
golf cart rentals isla mujeres mexico
[…]Sites of interest we have a link to[…]
แทงบอลวันนี้
… [Trackback]
[…] There you can find 16691 more Info on that Topic: unravellingmag.com/articles/mazahua-text-tone-tradition/ […]
texas french bulldog for sale
texas french bulldog for sale
[…]Here is a superb Blog You may Find Intriguing that we Encourage You[…]
slot online
slot online
[…]Here is a superb Blog You might Obtain Interesting that we Encourage You[…]
Fiverr.Com
Fiverr.Com
[…]always a massive fan of linking to bloggers that I adore but really don’t get lots of link love from[…]
best university Egypt
best university Egypt
[…]we like to honor several other world wide web web pages on the internet, even though they arent linked to us, by linking to them. Under are some webpages worth checking out[…]
golf cart rental isla mujeres
golf cart rental isla mujeres
[…]very couple of websites that happen to be detailed beneath, from our point of view are undoubtedly very well really worth checking out[…]
bulldog frenchie puppies
bulldog frenchie puppies
[…]very handful of internet websites that take place to be comprehensive beneath, from our point of view are undoubtedly properly worth checking out[…]
golf cart rental in isla mujeres
golf cart rental in isla mujeres
[…]that will be the end of this post. Here you will locate some web-sites that we assume youll enjoy, just click the hyperlinks over[…]
Lean
Lean
[…]Wonderful story, reckoned we could combine a couple of unrelated information, nonetheless seriously worth taking a search, whoa did one particular master about Mid East has got more problerms at the same time […]
french bulldog in austin
french bulldog in austin
[…]here are some hyperlinks to sites that we link to simply because we feel they are really worth visiting[…]
Uk Flag Jacket
Upgrade your life style with winter fashion jacket by Peter Sign
FUE
FUE
[…]Here are a few of the sites we suggest for our visitors[…]
FUE
FUE
[…]Here are several of the websites we advise for our visitors[…]
FUE
FUE
[…]just beneath, are various entirely not connected web-sites to ours, having said that, they are surely worth going over[…]
FUE
FUE
[…]The information and facts talked about in the report are a number of the most effective accessible […]
FUE
FUE
[…]please take a look at the internet sites we stick to, like this 1, as it represents our picks in the web[…]
dryfirewood
Friday Night Funkin is a unique and addictive music and rhythm game. This game has received many positive reviews from the gaming community.
Classic Books 500
Classic Books 500
[…]Here is a superb Weblog You may Obtain Intriguing that we Encourage You[…]
FiverrEarn
FiverrEarn
[…]very few internet websites that take place to become in depth below, from our point of view are undoubtedly nicely really worth checking out[…]
twitch ad block
Yayın yapmayı seviyor musun? twitch reklam engelleme, ama araya girip anınızı mahveden reklamlar mı var? O zaman endişelenmeyin ve indirin twitch adblock şimdi ve sınırsız akışın keyfini çıkarın.
Free Local Classified Ads
Free Local Classified Ads
[…]Every once inside a while we choose blogs that we read. Listed below are the most up-to-date websites that we choose […]
FiverrEarn
FiverrEarn
[…]Wonderful story, reckoned we could combine several unrelated information, nevertheless truly worth taking a search, whoa did 1 master about Mid East has got extra problerms too […]
Buy Apple Airpods Pallet
… [Trackback]
[…] Find More here to that Topic: unravellingmag.com/articles/mazahua-text-tone-tradition/ […]
Speaker
Speaker
[…]Here is a good Weblog You might Discover Intriguing that we Encourage You[…]
FiverrEarn
FiverrEarn
[…]very handful of internet sites that occur to be detailed beneath, from our point of view are undoubtedly nicely worth checking out[…]
FiverrEarn
FiverrEarn
[…]very few internet sites that occur to be comprehensive beneath, from our point of view are undoubtedly effectively worth checking out[…]
FiverrEarn
FiverrEarn
[…]very few internet sites that take place to be detailed below, from our point of view are undoubtedly effectively really worth checking out[…]
Porn Australia
Porn Australia
[…]we came across a cool web-site that you simply may possibly appreciate. Take a look if you want[…]
pupuk cair terbaik
pupuk cair terbaik
[…]please visit the internet sites we comply with, such as this one, as it represents our picks in the web[…]
partners
partners
[…]the time to study or pay a visit to the subject material or web-sites we’ve linked to beneath the[…]
Business management courses in Cairo
Business management courses in Cairo
[…]the time to read or stop by the material or internet sites we’ve linked to beneath the[…]
Econometrics
Econometrics
[…]Here are some of the websites we recommend for our visitors[…]
smm panel
Great read! The insights provided are incredibly valuable. I appreciate the clarity and practical tips. Looking forward to implementing these strategies in my own journey. Thanks for sharing! Cheapest SMM Panel
Tips
Tips
[…]that is the end of this article. Here youll find some web sites that we consider you will value, just click the hyperlinks over[…]
FiverrEarn
FiverrEarn
[…]Here are a few of the web-sites we recommend for our visitors[…]
SMM Bear
Insightful post! Concise and informative, it clarified key points effortlessly. Appreciate the well-researched content. Looking forward to more valuable insights. Thanks for sharing! SMM Panel
live sex cams
live sex cams
[…]the time to read or go to the subject material or websites we have linked to below the[…]
FiverrEarn
FiverrEarn
[…]the time to study or visit the material or web-sites we’ve linked to beneath the[…]
FiverrEarn
FiverrEarn
[…]always a massive fan of linking to bloggers that I adore but really don’t get a lot of link love from[…]
FiverrEarn
FiverrEarn
[…]Wonderful story, reckoned we could combine a handful of unrelated data, nonetheless definitely really worth taking a look, whoa did 1 understand about Mid East has got more problerms as well […]
FiverrEarn
FiverrEarn
[…]Here is an excellent Blog You may Locate Intriguing that we Encourage You[…]
FiverrEarn
FiverrEarn
[…]always a large fan of linking to bloggers that I really like but really don’t get lots of link enjoy from[…]
Tiny Fishing
When I’m in a bad mood, I like to play games https://tiny-fishing.co/ since they are entertaining, and afterward, I always feel better about myself. If you’ve never done so, you should give it a go at least once.
FiverrEarn
FiverrEarn
[…]please stop by the web sites we adhere to, such as this one particular, because it represents our picks in the web[…]
FiverrEarn
FiverrEarn
[…]Sites of interest we have a link to[…]
FiverrEarn
FiverrEarn
[…]here are some hyperlinks to sites that we link to for the reason that we assume they may be worth visiting[…]
FiverrEarn
FiverrEarn
[…]usually posts some quite exciting stuff like this. If youre new to this site[…]
FiverrEarn
FiverrEarn
[…]just beneath, are many completely not associated web-sites to ours, on the other hand, they’re certainly really worth going over[…]
FiverrEarn
FiverrEarn
[…]one of our guests a short while ago advised the following website[…]
Private University in Yemen
Private University in Yemen
[…]always a major fan of linking to bloggers that I love but do not get quite a bit of link really like from[…]
FiverrEarn
FiverrEarn
[…]we came across a cool web-site that you may well love. Take a search for those who want[…]
winter presets lightroom
winter presets lightroom
[…]Here are a number of the web-sites we advise for our visitors[…]
seo company new york
seo company new york
[…]usually posts some quite exciting stuff like this. If youre new to this site[…]
seo company houston
seo company houston
[…]the time to read or go to the content material or web pages we have linked to beneath the[…]
website builder
website builder
[…]we prefer to honor several other web sites on the web, even when they arent linked to us, by linking to them. Below are some webpages worth checking out[…]
diamond
diamond
[…]Wonderful story, reckoned we could combine several unrelated information, nevertheless truly really worth taking a appear, whoa did a single study about Mid East has got extra problerms also […]
Scientific Research
Scientific Research
[…]the time to study or go to the content material or internet sites we’ve linked to beneath the[…]
Kampus Islam Terbaik
Kampus Islam Terbaik
[…]although web sites we backlink to beneath are considerably not connected to ours, we feel they may be actually worth a go by, so have a look[…]
kemjhon405
I searched for my perfect match of leather jacket and finally found a
trucker leather jacket
There is a vast variety at the Petersign stores, which is an excellent factor that kept me rooted as
Gurukul
Excellent work. Gurukul Siliguri
Get Well Soon Cards
Picture Get well soon card as a collective sunrise of wellness, where each contributor adds a ray of hope. These are not mere cards; they embody a shared dawn, transforming recovery into a bright and uplifting celebration of heartfelt connection.
riya nehra
SEMI AUTOMATIC TURNSTILE GATE
A turnstile gate barrier is a type of gate with rotating horizontal arms or blades that allow one person to pass through at a time. Turnstile gate barriers are commonly used in various settings for crowd control, security, and access management. They can be found in places such as public transportation facilities, stadiums, office buildings, amusement parks, and other areas where controlled access is required. Here are some key features of turnstile gate barriers. https://www.novusapl.com/Flap-Barrier-Turnstile-NS-FS9-V210.php
SMM HEART
I will really appreciate the writer’s choice for choosing this excellent article. Here is deep description about the article matter which helped me more. smm reseller panel
cheap sex cams
cheap sex cams
[…]Here is an excellent Blog You might Obtain Exciting that we Encourage You[…]
fullersears.com
fullersears.com
[…]usually posts some incredibly exciting stuff like this. If you are new to this site[…]
french bulldog buy
french bulldog buy
[…]the time to study or visit the material or web pages we’ve linked to below the[…]
ameliamarie303
Fuel your passion for basketball with our Random NBA Team Generator – the interactive tool that keeps the excitement of the NBA alive all year round. Spin to explore team histories, player achievements, or even get insider tips on upcoming games. Get ready to elevate your NBA experience!
porno izle
Text, tone
https://taikrixel.net/2017/06/06/portraitserie-ehemaliger-buchenwald-haeftlinge/
porn
Text, tone
https://sweingpanda.com/sewing-tools-and-equipment/
child porn
Text, tone
https://unreportedke.co.ke/what-you-need-to-know-about-anti-microbial-resistance/
porn
Text, tone
https://hkiws-podcast.com/sed-risus-tortor-dignissim-id-tortor-sit-amet-scelerisque/
Freeze dried
Freeze dried
[…]that could be the end of this post. Here you will uncover some web-sites that we think you will appreciate, just click the links over[…]
늑대닷컴
늑대닷컴
[…]that is the finish of this post. Right here youll locate some web-sites that we assume youll enjoy, just click the links over[…]
Deposit
Deposit
[…]always a large fan of linking to bloggers that I really like but dont get a lot of link enjoy from[…]
One Peace AMV
One Peace AMV
[…]Sites of interest we’ve a link to[…]
One Peace AMV
One Peace AMV
[…]very couple of internet websites that happen to be in depth below, from our point of view are undoubtedly well really worth checking out[…]
cream chargers delivery
cream chargers delivery
[…]Every after in a even though we decide on blogs that we read. Listed beneath would be the newest websites that we opt for […]
SEO services Singapore
SEO services Singapore
[…]that is the finish of this write-up. Here youll uncover some web-sites that we consider youll value, just click the links over[…]
allgame
allgame
[…]just beneath, are quite a few completely not related websites to ours, nonetheless, they may be certainly worth going over[…]
918kiss
918kiss
[…]usually posts some pretty intriguing stuff like this. If youre new to this site[…]
หวย24
หวย24
[…]we came across a cool web page that you just could enjoy. Take a look for those who want[…]
french bulldog accessories
french bulldog accessories
[…]please check out the web pages we stick to, which includes this a single, because it represents our picks in the web[…]
pg slot
pg slot
[…]usually posts some extremely intriguing stuff like this. If you are new to this site[…]
SafeToto
It’s a game. Five dollars is free. Try it It’s not an easy game
->-> 카지노사이트 .COM
porno izle
Text, tone
http://www.stagewhisper.net/kindertransport/
leak detection london
leak detection london
[…]we like to honor quite a few other internet internet sites around the internet, even though they arent linked to us, by linking to them. Under are some webpages really worth checking out[…]
AI Attorney
AI Attorney
[…]The details talked about within the write-up are a few of the very best available […]
regles 421
regles 421
[…]Every after in a although we pick out blogs that we study. Listed below are the most up-to-date web pages that we choose […]
apk admin slot
apk admin slot
[…]we came across a cool web page that you just could possibly delight in. Take a search in the event you want[…]
evisa
evisa
[…]just beneath, are several totally not associated web pages to ours, having said that, they may be surely really worth going over[…]
Matt Abraham
It is one of the most appealing blogs I ever read. custom applique patches have quite easy peasy backing process.
sicarios madrid
sicarios madrid
[…]check below, are some entirely unrelated internet sites to ours, nevertheless, they may be most trustworthy sources that we use[…]
SaaS Lawyer
SaaS Lawyer
[…]although websites we backlink to below are considerably not related to ours, we really feel they are essentially really worth a go by, so have a look[…]
itsMasum.Com
itsMasum.Com
[…]check beneath, are some absolutely unrelated internet websites to ours, nonetheless, they’re most trustworthy sources that we use[…]
itsMasum.Com
itsMasum.Com
[…]although web-sites we backlink to beneath are considerably not connected to ours, we really feel they may be essentially really worth a go by way of, so possess a look[…]
ingénieur informatique salaire
ingénieur informatique salaire
[…]Here are a few of the web-sites we advise for our visitors[…]
nangs Sydney
nangs Sydney
[…]the time to study or take a look at the material or websites we have linked to below the[…]
changement chauffe eau Tours
changement chauffe eau Tours
[…]we came across a cool web site that you may well love. Take a search should you want[…]
Estella Diaz
It’s a game. Five dollars is free. Try it It’s not an easy game ->-> 토토사이트.COM
safetoto5
It’s a game. Five dollars is free. Try it It’s not an easy game
->-> 토토사이트.COM
more
more
[…]that may be the end of this report. Here you will uncover some web-sites that we assume youll value, just click the hyperlinks over[…]
website
website
[…]The info talked about within the write-up are several of the best offered […]
Ninja
I was thoroughly captivated by your article, finding it both informative and enjoyable. digital marketing company in gwalior
free chat
free chat
[…]The data mentioned within the post are several of the very best offered […]
SAFE TOTO H-THREE
It’s a game. Five dollars is free. Try it It’s not an easy game
->-> 카지노사이트 .COM
chesapeake auto accident lawyer
Facing an auto accident in Chesapeake, VA? Our dedicated team of chesapeake auto accident lawyer specializes in auto accident cases. With our expertise in local laws, we’ll fight to ensure you receive fair compensation. Contact us today for a free consultation and let us advocate for your rights.
coin303
thanks for sharing.. I think this is the best recommendation I have ever found. you must try COIN303
mahan mahan
Thanks for sharing kindful knowledge here some thing about fashion This Town Series Jackets Coats
porn
Text, tone
https://holic.vaslekarnik.sk/2018/07/25/ocista-pecene-docista/
joker gaming
joker gaming
[…]that is the finish of this report. Here youll uncover some web-sites that we assume youll value, just click the hyperlinks over[…]
SwipeUp Assignments
I Read Your Blog Its Really Awesome And very informatative To me.
I Also Want To share Some thing about Swipeup Assignments.
“SwipeUP Assignments has been a game-changer for me! Their prompt, high-quality service has eased my academic stress. I highly recommend them to anyone seeking top-notch assignment assistance. Thank you, SwipeUP!”
https://swipeupassignments.com/
seattle job search
seattle job search
[…]although internet sites we backlink to beneath are considerably not associated to ours, we feel they are in fact really worth a go as a result of, so possess a look[…]
William Smith
I’m amazed with the subtle elegance of the Mazahua text-tone heritage! The way they mix language, tone, and cultural nuances is truly engaging. If you want to go deeper into such cultural narratives, you might consider employing the best ghost writers for hire to assist you in navigating and effectively conveying these rich stories.
Williams Paul
https://weedmount.com/
Williams Paul
https://drogenplatz.com/
grandpashabet
Text, tone
https://royal-enclosure.com/2020/11/07/post-1117/
child porn
Text, tone
https://find-article-translated.com/common-armed-agent-of-disease/
child porn
Text, tone
https://www.oxygenmedia.hu/majus-gaspar-milan/
child porn
Text, tone
https://vw-backbone.jp/怒りのブログ/
Kevin John
The heritage of Mazahua text tones truly fascinates me! It’s amazing how this age-old custom has endured through the ages, maintaining cultural identity and narrative in such a special way. like incorporating these customs into a variety of fields, like Automotive Ecommerce Solutions. By bridging the gap between modernity and tradition, this integration can guarantee that these priceless cultural heritage are preserved for upcoming generations.
Read More: https://metastorm.com.pk/services/web-development-consulting/ecommerce-solutions-technology-consulting/
sex historie
Text, tone
http://drgdea.com/gusi-berdarah/
cru789
bewin1688 Do you want extar money?
nana
เว็บนาซ่า The classic gambling website
win
bewin1688 Do you want extar money?
OnlyFans Search
Discover the ultimate hub for content creators across platforms with Fanscout.com , the premier search engine for OnlyFans Search, Patreon, Twitch, and more. Explore diverse profiles effortlessly using advanced filters for gender, age, and location.
child porn
Text, tone
https://saquedemeta.co/ovelar-es-de-los-mejores-delanteros-del-pais-vikonis/
sajiantoto
I really understand this article, and I really like your current page.
https://siapsaji.com
Jones
I am impressed with the high quality and fit of the suit I ordered from America Jackets. Highly recommended! Next, I’ll be ordering Cyberpunk Jacket from them.
Sajitoto login
how could you help me so much, when I almost gave up hope. You gave me the best solution. Thank You
https://mainsaji.xyz
sajibet
I am ready to help you whenever and wherever you need my help.
https://sajibet.com
video chat
video chat
[…]although websites we backlink to below are considerably not associated to ours, we really feel they’re basically worth a go by, so have a look[…]
cheap webcam girls
cheap webcam girls
[…]Here are a few of the web-sites we advocate for our visitors[…]
free sex webcams
free sex webcams
[…]that could be the end of this report. Right here you will discover some web pages that we believe you will appreciate, just click the hyperlinks over[…]
Kampus Ternama
Kampus Ternama
[…]we like to honor numerous other online sites on the internet, even if they arent linked to us, by linking to them. Below are some webpages worth checking out[…]
Cyber Security Training in Pune
Thanks for sharing this excellent information. It’s a very interesting topic, and I found it extremely helpful.
sajiantoto
Sometimes I feel hopeless, but sometimes I feel happy. Will my life continue like that?
https://siapsaji.com
AWS Certified Machine Learning Specialty Exam Preparation in Pune
Your writing style is so engaging and relatable. Thank you for sharing such valuable information.
Meeloun Education
专业领域是不同作业代写 https://www.yydaixie.com 机构的另一大差异。代写机构的专业领域和写作能力直接影响Essay的质量和客户的满意度。一些大型代写机构拥有覆盖广泛的专业领域，能够为客户提供包括文学、历史、经济、计算机科学、医学等多个学科的写作服务，这些机构通常拥有庞大的写作团队，团队成员具有各自领域的专业背景和写作经验，能够确保文章的专业性和学术性。然而，一些小型代写机构的专业领域较为有限，只能提供某些特定学科的写作服务，可能无法满足客户的多样化需求。因此，学生在选择代写机构时，应根据自己的学术需求，选择那些专业领域广泛、写作能力强的机构，以确保Essay的质量和学术水平。
افضل جامعة يمنية
افضل جامعة يمنية
[…]Every after inside a though we decide on blogs that we study. Listed beneath are the latest web-sites that we pick […]
A Yemeni Arab Journal Indexed by Scopus and ISI
A Yemeni Arab Journal Indexed by Scopus and ISI
[…]that is the finish of this write-up. Here youll uncover some internet sites that we believe youll appreciate, just click the hyperlinks over[…]
Queen Arwa University World University Rankings THE
Queen Arwa University World University Rankings THE
[…]always a huge fan of linking to bloggers that I really like but do not get quite a bit of link enjoy from[…]
Queen Arwa University digital identity
Queen Arwa University digital identity
[…]Sites of interest we have a link to[…]
918kiss
918kiss
[…]we prefer to honor a lot of other world-wide-web sites on the net, even though they arent linked to us, by linking to them. Beneath are some webpages worth checking out[…]
Csgatel
We always give the best for you, we should also ask you to be fair to us. Thank You
https://csgatel.com
por88
bewin1688 Do you want extar money?
sajiku
Sajiku always gives you the best guidance and of course it is very useful for those of you who want to succeed.
https://sajiku.online
jmpientka
situs gacor memberikan bonus 100%
https://bonus.jmpientka.com/
Abgnafsu
Cara Black Hat Rtp Live Slot Gacor
https://sajislot.com
divorce attorneys in virginia beach
Seeking a divorce attorney in virginia beach? Look no further! Our experienced legal team is here to assist you through this challenging time. With specialized expertise in family law, our Virginia Beach divorce attorneys provide personalized guidance and representation tailored to your unique needs. Trust our team to protect your rights and achieve a favorable outcome in your divorce proceedings.
saji4D
Ini Baru Cuan, Belum Main Saja Sudah Dapat 100K Di Awal.
https://saji4d.com
RichPalm
Reconnecting with one’s heritage is a profound and enriching experience that helps preserve cultural identity and traditions. Similarly, Rich Palm Casino https://richpalmscasino.bet/ offers players an immersive gaming experience that connects them with a rich variety of games and rewarding bonuses.
JOJOJO3
With the continuous development of modern building technology, broken bridge Aluminium window with high thermal insulation performance is gradually becoming the ideal choice for modern homes and commercial spaces due to their excellent performance and beautiful appearance. This product introduction will focus on the six advantages, so that you can fully understand its characteristics and value.
First, excellent thermal insulation performance. The window adopts the broken-bridge technology, which means that heat-insulating strips are set between the inner and outer sides of the Aluminium alloy window frame to effectively block heat conduction. This design greatly reduces the thermal conductivity of the window, making the window able to block the outdoor high temperature in summer, and reduce the indoor heat loss in winter, so as to achieve energy saving and reduce consumption, and improve the living comfort. Secondly, the material and structural design, this window is made of high-strength Aluminium alloy, which has excellent corrosion resistance and durability after precision processing and surface treatment. The window structure is reasonably designed, adopting multi-cavity structure, which enhances the stability and load-bearing capacity of the window. Thirdly, this product adopts multi-layer sealing technology, including window edge sealing, window gap sealing and hardware sealing. The multi-layer sealing design makes the window body have good windproof, rainproof and dust-proof ability, and also reduces the intrusion of outdoor noise, creating a quiet and comfortable environment for indoor. Fourth, the broken bridge Aluminium window material itself is not easy to burn, with good fire performance. Meanwhile, the window structure is reasonably designed to effectively prevent prying open by external forces, to protect family safety. In addition, the window is also equipped with anti-theft locks, further enhancing the anti-theft performance. Fifth, this window is made of high-strength Aluminium alloy, which has good impact resistance. Even in bad weather conditions, such as strong winds, heavy rain, etc., the window can remain stable and not easily damaged. In addition, the surface of the window body after special treatment, can resist ultraviolet rays and chemical corrosion, prolong the service life. Sixth, the surface of this window is smooth and even, not easy to accumulate dust and pollution. Daily maintenance only need to wipe with water or neutral detergent, convenient and quick.
It is suitable for a variety of building types and usage occasions, including residential houses, villas, office buildings, commercial spaces and so on. Whether it is a new building or old house renovation, the window can provide high-quality heat insulation, sound insulation and anti-theft performance, creating a comfortable and safe living environment for users. To sum up, with its excellent performance and diversified options, the window has become an ideal choice in modern construction field. Whether from the consideration of energy saving and consumption reduction, beauty and practicality or safety performance, the window is your trustworthy choice. If you have any further questions about this product, please don’t hesitate to contact us. https://www.shaiyia.com/
Microsoft 365 Consulting
t’s inspiring to see how embracing one’s roots can enrich personal identity and preserve tradition. This story resonates deeply, reminding us of the importance of language in preserving cultural heritage.
linda
The story shares many genuine and wonderful experiences, and I loved how you described every detail of the event so meticulously. If you regularly take part in their surveys, just go to http://www.lowes.com/survey and make sure you submit your entry correctly and on time.
Sarim Shaikh
Intriguing post. I Have Been pondering about this issue, so much obliged for posting. Really cool post.It “s truly extremely pleasant and Useful post.Thanks weeklyfanz